Chapter 6: Web Development and HTML

6.1 Introduction to Web Development

Web development involves creating websites and web applications that run on the internet or intranets. It is broadly divided into frontend (client‑side) and backend (server‑side) development. A developer who works on both sides is called a full‑stack developer.

Frontend (client‑side): HTML for structure, CSS for presentation, JavaScript for interactivity.
Backend (server‑side): Languages such as PHP, Python, Python, Node.js, and frameworks that handle data storage, business logic, and server communication.
Full‑stack: Combines frontend and backend skills to build complete web applications.

6.2 Web Browsers and Search Engines

Web Browsers

Popular browsers include Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. Their core functions are:

Rendering HTML and CSS to display web pages.
Executing JavaScript to add dynamic behavior.
Caching resources (images, scripts, stylesheets) for faster subsequent loads.

Search Engines

Major search engines: Google, Bing, Yahoo. Their operation consists of three main stages:

Crawling: Automated bots (spiders) discover new and updated pages by following links.
Indexing: The crawled content is analyzed and stored in a massive database (index).
Ranking: When a user queries, the engine ranks indexed pages based on relevance and authority using complex algorithms.

6.3 Internet and Web Technologies

The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers that communicate using standardized protocols.

Key Protocols

TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol – the foundational suite for data transmission.
HTTP/HTTPS: HyperText Transfer Protocol (Secure) – used for transferring web pages; HTTPS adds TLS encryption.
FTP: File Transfer Protocol – for uploading/downloading files to/from servers.
DNS: Domain Name System – translates human‑readable domain names (e.g., prakashnotes.com) into IP addresses.

URL Structure

A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) has the form:

protocol://domain:port/path?query#fragment

Example: https://www.example.com:8080/index.html?section=2#top

Client‑Server Model

In this model, the client (browser) requests resources and the server responds with the requested data (HTML, CSS, JSON, etc.). Communication follows the request‑response cycle over HTTP/HTTPS.

6.4 Content Management System (CMS)

A CMS is software that enables users to create, manage, and modify digital content without needing deep technical knowledge.

Popular CMS Platforms

WordPress – widely used for blogs and business sites; extensive plugin ecosystem.
Joomla – suitable for complex sites with advanced user management.
Drupal – highly flexible, favored for large‑scale, enterprise applications.

Core Features

Templates/Themes: Control the visual layout.
Plugins/Extensions: Add functionality (e.g., SEO, e‑commerce).
User Management: Roles and permissions for contributors, editors, administrators.

6.4.1‑6.4.3 HTML Basics

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard markup language for creating web pages.

Objectives

Structure content so that browsers can render it meaningfully.

Document Structure

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Page Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        
    </body>
</html>

The !DOCTYPE declaration informs the browser about HTML5. The <html> element is the root; <head> holds metadata; <body> contains visible content.

Publishing a Website

Web Hosting: Server space where files are stored.
Domain Name: Human‑readable address (e.g., prakashnotes.com).
FTP Upload: Using File Transfer Protocol to move local files to the hosting server.

6.4.4 HTML Tags vs Attributes

Tags define elements (e.g., <p>, <h1>, <div>). Attributes provide additional information about tags.

Syntax:

<tagname attribute="value">content</tagname>

Common Attributes

Attribute	Description	Example
class	CSS class name(s)	<p class="intro">Hello</p>
id	Unique identifier	<div id="header"></div>
style	Inline CSS	<span style="color:red;">Red text</span>
href	Hyperlink destination	<a href="https://example.com">Link</a>
src	Source of media (image, video, audio)	<img src="photo.jpg" alt="Photo">

6.4.5 Basic Tags

<html>: Root element.
<head>: Contains metadata, title, links to CSS/JS.
<title>: Text shown on browser tab.
<body>: Holds all visible content.
Deprecated body attributes (HTML4): bgcolor, text, link, vlink, alink, background. (Use CSS instead.)

6.4.6 Heading Tags and Attributes

Headings range from <h1> (most important) to <h6> (least important). The deprecated align attribute could take values left, center, right, justify.

<h1 align="center">Main Title</h1> <h2 align="left">Section Heading</h2>

6.4.7 FONT Tag and Attributes

The <font> tag (deprecated in HTML5) allowed inline font styling.

size: 1‑7 (relative size).
color: Named color or hex value.
face: Font family name.

<basefont> set a default font for the document. <small> and <big> adjust text size relatively.

<font size="4" color="blue" face="Arial">Blue Arial text</font>

6.4.8 Paragraph Formatting

The <p> tag defines a paragraph. <br> inserts a line break without starting a new paragraph. Comments are added with .

<p>This is a paragraph.<br>It contains a line break.</p>

6.4.9 Formatting Text

HTML provides several tags for semantic and visual text formatting.

Tag	Purpose	Example
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& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Previous Next PrakashNotes is a comprehensive web application designed 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